I'll outline the skills that are essential and necessary to become a White Hat Hacker in this article. If you can master all of these skills, you will certainly become a successful white hat hacker. So, without further ado, let's get down to business. 1. Knowledge of computer networking One of the most important skills for becoming an ethical hacker is networking. The PC network is simply the connectivity of several devices, most commonly referred to as Hosts, that are linked via various methods to send/receive data or media. Computer Network Tutorials can help you learn how to organize your PC. 2. Computer Skills PC talents are the knowledge and skills required to use computers and related technology. Information preparation, document management, and introductions are frequently included in basic PC abilities. Overseeing data sets, scripting, and conducting computations in accounting pages are all examples of advanced PC skills. A master of PC frameworks is required of a...
Last year, there were 4.28 billion mobile internet
users on the planet, meaning that more than 90% of people who accessed the
internet did so using a mobile device. But this increasingly wireless
world we live in is an illusion.
Every
meme, every purchase, every crackpot WhatsApp forward that is magically beamed
to and from devices that we still call phones for some reason, ultimately
relies entirely on wires. Specifically, really, really, really long wires under
the ocean, called subsea or submarine communication cables.
What are Submarine cables?
These are fiber optic cables, thousands of kilometers long, that are laid on the ocean floor to connect countries and continents.
Typically less than an inch wide, they comprise a bunch of hair-width optical fibers that are covered in silicon gel. These are sheathed in everything from plastic to copper and even nylon to protect both the signal and the cable itself.
They are laid between countries and continents using specially modified ships. Closer to the shore, a special plow is also used to bury them under the seabed, which explains why you have never encountered one during a beach holiday.
Wired vs Wireless
iPhones and Androids may have changed the way we as individuals access the internet, and satellite internet feels undeniably futuristic, but submarine cables remain the best way we know of sending huge amounts of data rapidly over long distances.This is reflected in the fact that these cables account for 99% of data that crosses oceans. The website Telegeography.com estimates there were 426 submarine cables in service around the world as of early 2021, and that 1.3 million kilometers of cables are currently in service globally. They’re all mapped out and searchable here.
According to Telegeography, “It’s hard to know exactly how much of all international traffic is carried via satellite, but it’s very small. Stats released by the US Federal Communications Commission indicate that satellites account for just 0.37% of all US international capacity.”
It says while satellites help reach areas that
aren’t yet wired with fiber, and are also useful for sending content from one
source to several locations, “on a bit-for-bit basis, there’s just no beating
fiber optic cables. Cables can carry far more data at far less cost than
satellites.”
Speed comparison: Satellites typically offer only 1,000 megabits
per second and have high latency, which is the time it takes for data to travel
between its source and destination. Google’s new Grace Hopper Cable on
the other hand, which is finishing “installing” this week, will have a capacity
of 340 terabits per second. This, Google said, is equivalent to about
17.5 million people streaming 4K videos at once. It’s no contest, really.
Who owns them?
Submarine cables were traditionally owned by telecom companies. The huge costs involved meant that even these behemoths would have to group together to pay for them and then share the bandwidth accordingly.
But in the past decade or so, a new type of company has come to dominate this market, among quite a lot else. Google, Facebook , Microsoft , and Amazon are all major investors in submarine cables, though the first two have quite a hefty lead.
Google currently has investments in 16 subsea cables, including its own and those it owns as part of a consortium. Earlier this week it finished laying its Grace Hopper cable, which stretches from New York to the UK and Spain. In June, it announced it was building one called Firmina that will run from the east coast of the US to Argentina, with landings in Brazil, Uruguay.
In March, Facebook announced it was investing in two
undersea cables that will connect the US, Singapore and
Indonesia. It said the two cables, Echo (which also has Google as an investor)
and Bifrost, would increase trans-Pacific Ocean capacity by 70%. In May, it
said it was building an underwater cable around Africa in partnership with
China Mobile, MTN, Orange and Vodafone, to connect the continent with the
Middle East and Europe. Dubbed ‘2Africa’, it will be 37,000 kilometers long and
cost just under $1 billion. Amazon is a part-owner of at least two cables and a
major capacity buyer in three others. Microsoft is part-owner of three cables and a major
capacity buyer in two more.
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